Monitoring challenges for CO2 storage: Interplay of fluid dynamics with 4D seismic response

Seismic imaging of CO2 plumes is a very powerful tool By combining flow physics models with seismic imaging, we can achieve: 90-99% detection when imaging for conformance High confidence in conformance ‘beyond the detected plume’ Mapping plume shape from seismic to estimate ‘swept volume’ suggests saturations of around 30% (at Sleipner) Integration with modelling should be able to improve these estimates Shallow anomaly assessment will be an important part of storage scale-up: Cost-effective hybrid seismic acquisition configurations will be needed