Sammendrag
Background:
This paper is based on the studies of the biogeochemical structure of the water column in the anoxic
Fjord Hunnbunn (south-eastern Norway) performed in 2009, 2011 and 2012. This Fjord is an enclosed basin of
brackish water separated by a narrow and shallow outlet to the sea with a permanently anoxic layer. We show how
an oxygenated intrusion could lead to both positive and negative effects on the ecosystem state in Hunnbunn due
to a change in the biogeochemical structure.
Results:
During the stratified periods in 2009 and 2012 the anoxic layer amounted to approximately 10% of the
total water volume in the Fjord, while dissolved oxygen (DO) was present in 80-90% of the water. In the autumn of
2011 the water chemistry structure observed in Fjord Hunnbunn was clearly affected by a recent oxygenated intrusion
defined by abnormal salinity patterns. This led to a shift of the DO boundary position to shallower depths, resulting in a
thicker anoxic layer comprising approximately 40% of the total water volume, with DO present only in approximately
60% of the water. The oxygenated water intrusions led to a twofold decrease of the concentrations of hydrogen
sulphide, ammonia, phosphate and silicate in the deep layers with a simultaneous increase of these nutrients and a
decrease of the pH level in the surface layers. The concentrations of manganese, iron, and mercury species changed
dramatically and in particular revealed a significant supply of iron and methylmercury to the water column.
Conclusions:
Oxic water intrusions into anoxic fjords could lead not only to the flushing of the bottom anoxia, but to a
dispersal of sulphidic and low oxygen conditions to the larger bottom area. The elevation of the hydrogen sulphide to
the shallower layers (that can be rapidly oxidized) is accompanied by the appearance in the subsurface water of
methylmercury, which is easily accumulated by organisms and can be transported to the surrounding waters, affecting
the ecosystem over a larger area.
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