Sammendrag
1. Increasing population sizes of geese are the cause of numerous agricultural conflicts in
many regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Scaring is often used as a tool to chase geese
away from fields, either as a means to protect vulnerable crops or as part of goose management
schemes to drive geese to accommodation areas. Geese are quick to habituate to stationary
scaring devices; hence, active scaring by humans is often employed. However, it
remains undocumented how much effort is required for active scaring to be effective.
2. We explored the relationship between intensity of active human scaring on field use and
behaviour by geese. Using an experimental framework, we applied four different scaring doses
per day (geese were scared either 2, 5, 7 or 10 times per day), to random pastures in a pinkfooted
goose spring staging area in mid-Norway, and recorded goose flock sizes, fleeing
response distances, and average weekly goose densities assessed by dropping densities. In
addition, we counted droppings in fields without scaring. We used mixed models to test for
changes in the effects of different scaring doses over time and compared observed with predicted
dropping levels.
3. Cumulative dropping densities increased at different rates depending on the scaring dose.
Scaring dosage did not affect flock size and fleeing response distance during the study period,
but both flock sizes and fleeing response distances changed with time.
4. Scaring dose 2 did not show any decrease in relative goose use compared to the fields
without scaring, whereas doses 5, 7 and 10 all showed 74–78% fewer droppings by the end of
the spring staging period, indicating a possible threshold between dose 2 and 5. The largest
effect of scaring appeared during the first week of scaring.
5. Synthesis and applications. This study is the first to show a dose–response relationship
between active scaring and field use of flocking geese. For individual farmers, the study provides
guidance on the level of scaring effort needed to be cost-effective. If implemented as
part of a management scheme with subsidy/accommodation areas in combination with systematic
and persistent scaring, it can be used as a tool to keep geese away from areas where
they are not wanted, thereby assisting in the alleviation of goose–agriculture conflicts. The
approach in this study can be adapted and used in a wider range of wildlife interactions with
human economic interests.
agricultural conflict, crop damage, crop protection, dose–response, experimental
scaring, goose behaviour, pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus, spring staging
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