Refractories and insulation in electrolysis cell Properties, test-methods and degradation

The physical properties and the behaviour of the refractory lining in Al-electrolysis cells as well in anode baking furnaces are crucial for both economic and environmental aspects of the Al production. This course will give an introduction to the physical and thermal properties of materials used in the industry, covering the different type of carbon cathode materials, refractory and thermal insulating lining materials used in the Al industry. Chemical reactions causing the most important degradation mechanisms for the different materials will be covered with focus on the lifetime of the pot lining and heat balance of the cells. Finally, industrial experiences with lining materials will be included.