Sammendrag
Changes in the local flora of mountains are
often explained by climate warming, but changes in
grazing regimes may also be important. The aim of
this study was to evaluate whether the alpine flora on
summits in the Tatra Mts, Poland and Slovakia, has
changed over the last 100 years, and if the observed
changes are better explained by changes in sheep
grazing or climate. We resurveyed the flora of 14
mountain summits initially investigated in the years
1878–1948. We used ordination methods to quantify
changes in species composition. We tested whether
changes in plant species composition could be
explained by cessation of grazing and climate change,
and whether these factors have influenced shifts in
Ellenberg’s plant ecological indicator values and
Raunkiaer’s life forms. Changes in alpine flora were
greater on lower elevation summits, and lower on
summits less accessible for sheep. More accessible
summits were associated with a decrease in mean
values of plant species’ light ecological indicator
values over time, and a concurrent increase in
temperature and nitrogen ecological indicator values.
No significant relationships were found between
accessibility for sheep and changes in Raunkiaer’s
life-forms. Greater accessibility for sheep (meaning
high historical grazing pressure) led to greater compositional
changes of mountain summits compared
with summits with low accessibility. Our results
suggest that cessation of sheep grazing was the main
factor causing changes in the species composition of
resurveyed mountain summits in the Tatra Mts, while
climate change played a more minor role.
Vis fullstendig beskrivelse