Sammendrag
The predicted extreme temperatures of globalwarming aremagnified in cities due to the urban heat island effect.
Even if the target for average temperature increase in the Paris Climate Agreement is met, temperatures during
the hottest month in a northern city like Oslo are predicted to rise by over 5 °C by 2050. We hypothesised that
heat-related diagnoses for heat-sensitive citizens (75+) in Oslo are correlated to monthly air temperatures,
and that green infrastructure such as tree canopy cover reduces extreme land surface temperatures and thus reduces
health risk from heat exposure. Monthly air temperatures were significantly correlated to the number of
skin-related diagnoses at the city level, but were unrelated to diagnoses under circulatory, nervous system, or
general categories. Satellite-derived spatially-explicit measures revealed that on one of the hottest days during
the summer of 2018, landscape units composed of paved, midrise or lowrise buildings gave off the most heat
(39 °C), whereas units composed of complete tree canopy cover, ormixed (i.e. tree and grass) vegetation maintained
temperatures of between 29 and 32 °C. Land surface temperatureswere negatively correlated to tree canopy
cover (R2=0.45) and vegetation greenness (R2=0.41). In a scenario inwhich each city treewas replaced by
the most common non-tree cover in its neighbourhood, the area of Oslo exceeding a 30 °C health risk threshold
during the summerwould increase from23 to 29%. Combiningmodelling resultswith population at risk at census
tract level, we estimated that each tree in the city currently mitigates additional heat exposure of one heatsensitive
person by one day. Our results indicate that maintaining and restoring tree cover provides an ecosystem
service of urban heat reduction. Our findings have particular relevance for health benefit estimation in urban ecosystem
accounting and municipal policy decisions regarding ecosystem-based climate adaptation.
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