Model-Based Regularization for Non-Invasive Intraventricular Flow and Pressure Estimates in 4D Ultrasound Imaging

Estimation of the intraventricular velocity field with ultrasound can reveal information of the underlying pressure gradients driving the flow acceleration, but noise and drop-outs in the ultrasound velocity measurements will limit its applicability. Regularization of the estimated 4D velocity fields with the physical models governing flow propagation can produce reliable and robust estimates of both intraventricular flow and pressure and give new insight into pathophysiological changes in the heart.