Revisiting the governance triangle in the Arctic and beyond

This chapter gives an overview of the findings from all the case studies in this book about the governance triangle between states, industries and Indigenous peoples in the fields of mining, aquaculture and wind power development. In this concluding chapter, these findings are interpreted from the perspective of meta-governance, a concept which focuses on normative consensus-building and clarity between different modes of governance—hierarchical, state-led governance, market governance and locally based network governance. From this perspective, the main conclusion is that the role of the state, despite the different forms of the statehood in the cases ranging from Nordic welfare states and the Russian authoritarian state to Canadian, Australian and New Zealandic settler states, is central in each mode of governance and between them in leveling the playing field for Indigenous peoples. This finding is in contrast to the popular claims of the withdrawal of states in natural resource governance.