Ice from nature's factory

Norway's natural-ice export trade was a complex phenomenon that was shaped by demographic and consumption patterns, and by developments in the food and refrigeration industries. At the same time, it was a maritime business, comprising distinctive logistical modes and networks. Time, season and weather conditions were crucial variables. This article surveys the ways in which such contingencies were approached and mastered from the supply side on the Norwegian coast by a composite group of farmers, merchants, shipowners and independent agents. For most, ice harvesting and exporting were elements in a mix of activities. The strategies and outlooks of the Norwegian ice entrepreneurs have not been subject to systematic research. In this article, findings from three case studies are summarized and discussed. With particular attention afforded to knowledge and information dissemination, the contrasts between the three businesses provide insight into the constitution and dynamics of the trade in natural ice.