Sammendrag
The authors compare the energy consumption and CO2 emissions from vehicles using
internal combustion engines (ICE), battery electric vehicles (BEV), fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV),
and two types of hybrid vehicles, BEV-ICE hybrid and BEV-FCEV hybrid. This paper considers
several scenarios for four countries’ electricity production from primary energy sources to estimate
total CO2 release. Energy consumption of the vehicle per 100 km, emissions during manufacturing,
battery production, and lifecycle of the vehicle are considered in the total amount evaluation of
CO2 released. The results show that with current technologies for battery manufacturing, and a
significant proportion of national grid electricity delivered by fossil fuels, BEV is the best choice
to reduce carbon emissions for shorter driving ranges. In the case of electricity generation mainly
by low-carbon sources, FCEV and BEV-FCEV hybrid vehicles end up with lower carbon dioxide
emissions. In contrast, with electricity mainly generated from fossil fuels, electric vehicles do not
reduce CO2 emissions compared to combustion cars.
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