Practical macro-element for vertical and batter pile groups

This paper presents a novel macro-element for vertical and batter pile groups. The numerical scheme is based on de-coupled, single pile response. Each pile consists of two separate load-displacement formulations (axial and transverse) that take a displacement increment as input and return a diagonal tangent stiffness value. The effect of rotation is implicitly incorporated in the trans-verse load-displacement formulation. The presented macro-element does not require pre-defined failure surfaces or other parameters, and is therefore not restricted to a specific foundation configuration, soil profile or soil type. The macro-element may be calibrated using any type of non-linear pile-soil model. The developed macro-element is validated using rigorous numerical models for a variety of configurations.