Review of technology for bird detection and collision prevention

Wind energy has played a crucial role on the transition towards more sustainable ways of generating power. However, the collision of birds and bats with wind turbines is widely recognized as a negative environmental impact of wind farms. Collisions with either the static structure or the rotating blades of the wind turbines occur. This project memo provides a review of technology for bird detection and collision prevention, focusing on post-construction minimization measures. Initially, an overview of sensor technologies commonly used to detect birds in the vicinity of wind farms, namely radar and camera-based systems, is presented. Then, four minimization measures including experimental tests at different wind farms worldwide are described: habitat management and painting (categorized as passive measures), and turbine curtailment and deterrents (categorized as active measures, as they require information from an external source to trigger an action for collision avoidance). Advantages and disadvantages of the measures are discussed throughout the document.