Pan-nationalisms Across Borders: Scandinavianism in the community of nations, 1830−1870

While it has often been claimed that the pan-Scandinavian movement in vogue around the middle of the nineteenth century was both similar to and influenced by contemporary pan-movements, the assertion has scarcely been substantiated in scholarly literature. This chapter aims to provide further insight into how Scandinavianists viewed themselves in relation to other pan-movements, as well as how contact with pan-national peers influenced their thinking. Arguing that the relationship between nations in the early nineteenth century was generally conceptualised as a duality of war and peace, this chapter shows that other movements were frequently seen by Scandinavianists as either allies or rivals. In conjunction with both roles, other national movements would also frequently serve as exemplary models for the pan-Scandinavian movement. Furthermore, the chapter investigates how international ideological currents of cosmopolitan pan-nationalism were transferred to Scandinavia as part of contacts in international émigré-communities. Here, particular attention is given to the relationship between the era's most prominent theoretician of nationalism, Giuseppe Mazzini, and the Frisian revolutionary Harro Harring.