Energy scenarios Policy Options and Insights

Transport sector: 25 % of global energy use measured Well-to-Wake. We investigate how renewable electricity, a scarce resource over the next decades, could be used most wisely within the transport sector or alternatively within the energy sector. We estimate potential CO2 reduction of alternative renewable energy applications (e-Fuels; electrification), considering total energy need. New renewable electricity is a scare resource which gives the largest GHG reduction when it replaces coal fired power plants and by electrifying road transport. Supply of zero-carbon fuels to shipping will probably in any case be limited, because using renewable electricity to electrify road transport and replacing fossil-based electricity generation gives much larger GHG reduction per energy unit. Shipping largest contribution to reaching net zero will be on improving energy efficiency through technical, design and operational measures. For shipping to fully reach Net Zero: Wind is the most promising energy sources (fuel) and comes at the lowest cost. Electricity in combination with batteries and combustion engines has the same advantage as hybrid cars has in road transport Gradually increase the use of OCCS and DACS