Unexpected exercises and training in high risk organizations

The last years’ terror events and crisis situations provide new challenges for training for unexpected situations. Therefore, unexpected exercises and training for the unexpected can be means to meet these new challenges. Unexpected exercises can briefly be defined as: “without announced preparations before starting the exercise”. The paper will stress the need for unexpected exercises, discuss the educational framework for ensuring its success and point to limitations that can be met. We will also discuss ethical considerations regarding such type of training. It is our belief that such a framework is urgent to consider for many high risk organizations.